Spanish Flu, Part 2: Causes (References)

symptoms of Spanish Flu included kidney swelling and fatty liver: LeCount, E.R. The Pathologic Anatomy of Influenzal Bronchopneumonia. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1 March 1919.

mainly affected adults between the ages of 20 and 40: Lester, Dawn and David Parker. What Really Makes You Ill? Why Everything You Thought You Knew About Disease Is Wrong. Published by the authors, 2019. p.133f.

“the most susceptible age": Rosenau, Milton J. Experiments to Determine Mode of Spread of Influenza. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2 August 1919.

During the Great War: Roytas, Daniel. Can You Catch a Cold? Untold History & Human Experiments. Published by the author, 2024. p.154.

Symptoms of severe gas poisoning were initially mild: Roytas. Can You Catch a Cold? p.155.

Bayer was originally a dye manufacturer: History of Bayer. Archived 1 April 2025. Archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20250401132203/https://www.bayer.com/en/history/history

Bayer entered the market for pharmaceuticals in 1881: Becoming an International Company (1881–1914). Bayer. Archived on 1 April 2025. Archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20250401144545/https://www.bayer.com/en/history/1881-1914

One of Bayer’s products was diacetylmorphine ... a non-addictive substitute for morphine: Heroin was a trademarked medicine by the Bayer company in the early 1900s. The Vintage News. Archived on 11 November 2024. Archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20241111201910/https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/10/10/heroin-was-a-trademarked-medicine-by-the-bayer-company-in-the-early-1900s/

it sold the patent to Sterling Drug for $5.3 million: Sterling Drug, Inc. Company-Histories.com. Archived on 17 December 2024. Archived at https://web.archive.org/web/20241217134356/https://www.company-histories.com/STERLING-DRUG-INC-Company-History.html

a person shouldn’t take more than 4 grams of aspirin in a single day ... on consecutive days, then toxicity can result from doses as little as 2 or 3 grams per day: Starko, Karen M. Salicylates and Pandemic Influenza Mortality, 1918–1919 Pharmacology, Pathology, and Historic Evidence. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2009.

Anywhere from 8 to 31 grams per day: Starko. Salicylates and Pandemic Influenza Mortality. 2009.

and when brought to the hospital they very rapidly develop the most viscous type of pneumonia that has ever been seen: American Experience. A Letter From Camp Devens. Archived 27 February 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250227034242/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/influenza-letter/

Official recommendations for aspirin: Starko. Salicylates and Pandemic Influenza Mortality. 2009.

the drug can cause pulmonary edema, coughing up blood, brain swelling, abnormal states of consciousness, “cloudy" kidney swelling, fatty liver, and cyanosis: Starko. Salicylates and Pandemic Influenza Mortality. 2009.

Starko gave a hypothesis as to why the disease typically avoided children and the elderly: Starko. Salicylates and Pandemic Influenza Mortality. 2009.

Therefore, it is likely that severe salicylate intoxication: Starko. Salicylates and Pandemic Influenza Mortality. 2009.

Dawn Lester and David Parker appear to have been the first: Lester, Dawn and David Parker. What Really Makes You Ill? Why Everything You Thought You Knew About Disease Is Wrong. Published by the authors, 2019. p.133ff.

research claiming that bacterial pneumonia was the cause of death: Morens, David M., Jeffery K. Taubenberger, and Anthony S. Fauci. Predominant Role of Bacterial Pneumonia as a Cause of Death in Pandemic Influenza: Implications for Pandemic Influenza Preparedness. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2008.

“secondary bacterial pneumonia: Morens et al. Predominant Role of Bacterial Pneumonia as a Cause of Death in Pandemic Influenza. 2008.

What the researchers did was: Morens et al. Predominant Role of Bacterial Pneumonia as a Cause of Death in Pandemic Influenza. 2008.

“for all age groups: Morens et al. Predominant Role of Bacterial Pneumonia as a Cause of Death in Pandemic Influenza. 2008.